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Debates about racism in the Global South have tended to focus on colonial institutional and racial binaries of white/non-white. Recent scholarship has tended to work with theoretical frameworks developed in the context of Atlantic slavery and American legal debates. Yet discrimination and racial hierarchies have a varied and wider life in the Global South. With an eye towards ideas as well as practices that shape racism in the Global South, this panel aims to theorise the contours, manifestations and implications of discrimination in the Global South. The interest is in working with the specificity of institutions, ideas and norms in particular contexts while also thinking through conceptual framings of racism. We ask, what constitutes racism in spaces where phenotypical differences are not significant? What is the relationship between capitalism, cultural norms and discrimination? Is all discrimination necessarily racism?